We will work with you to pick a perfect new radio, and ensure it is installed and configured for years of enjoyment. If you are interested in new communication and entertainment features and improved sound quality from your 2009 to 2014 Ford pickup, drop into Driven Sound and Security. Michigan’s Ford F150 Radio Upgrade Experts Tire pressures, a backup camera, integration with Ford SYNC and parking sensors all work with the new radio. A Maestro interface will let your new receiver show information from the truck right on the screen of the radio. We have wire harness adapters that plug right into the factory connectors so no wiring has to be altered. In terms of integrating a new Ford F150 radio, we can provide a dash kit to make the new radio look like it came from the factory. Do you have the ability to play MP3, WMA, AAC and FLAC audio files from a USB stick? No problem, we have those covered! How about support for two cell phones? A front-facing parking camera? SiriusXM Satellite radio? HD Radio? All of these functions and much more are available from a new radio. Added Featuresĭid your truck come with a backup camera? We can add that to a new multimedia receiver. Apple CarPlay and Android Auto make it easy and safe. You can search by song title, artist, album name or genre. Finally, you can choose to listen to music on your phone or from various streaming services like Pandora and iHeartRadio. Likewise, you can choose navigation destinations from the same sources and let the turn-by-turn system give you efficient and clear directions. The system can search for phones numbers from your contacts or from the Internet to help you make a call. You can even dial phone numbers by talking to your radio! A simple and intuitive interface provides clear and relevant information to reduce time away from looking at the road. This allows our customers to listen to and dictate responses to text messages. The smartphone integration solutions allow owners of iPhone and Android-based smartphones to use the voice recognition technology integrated into their device. ![]() ![]() One of the most popular upgrades for the twelfth generation F-150 is to install a multimedia receiver with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. Let’s look at some of the solutions we provide for these Ford applications. We have added amazing convenience and functionality to make our clients safer, more productive and entertained while driving. As one of the most popular trucks in America, we have seen every trim level of these vehicles. ![]() Driven Sound and Security in Negaunee has completed hundreds of 2009 to 2014 Ford F150 radio installations over the years.
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To uninstall Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse, follow these steps: This automatically creates a file with information about your computer that is useful to the Feral Technical Support team in helping to solve the problem. If your problem is not covered by the FAQs, you can contact Feral using the automated game report system. If you encounter a problem with Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse, you can use the Support tab to consult Feral's online FAQs. The "away" options are taken from the user's iChat (or Messages) status listings. You can select different "away" messages from the pop-up menu. Selecting this feature will automatically set your iChat (called "Messages" in OS X 10.8 or later) status to "away" while Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse is running. Playback will be resumed when the game is quit or paused.Įxtras Tab - iChat or Messages Away Status Selecting this feature will automatically pause any currently playing song in iTunes while Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse is running. This window offers Mac-specific extra features, described below. NOTE: All of these settings are found in either the pre-game Options window under the Video tab or within the game under Help and Options → Video, accessible from the Main Menu.įeral games come with a pre-game Options window. Move down the list adjusting settings until you find an acceptable balance between performance and graphics. These are listed below in order of performance improvement (largest improvement first). In addition to these general Mac actions, there are numerous specific in-game settings you can select to speed up the game. ![]() If you have a second monitor, disconnect it (having an additional monitor connected to your Mac may create a drop in performance).Clear disk space: Ensure that your main hard disk has plenty of spare disk space.Close all other applications: You are strongly encouraged to quit all other applications before launching Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse – other applications drain resources and slow the overall system performance.However, if you are dissatisfied with the performance of the game on your computer, there are a couple of things you can do that are likely to improve performance: The most important factors in determining how smoothly Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse plays are your CPU speed, the amount of built-in RAM, the type of graphics card in your computer and the in-game settings you select.Ĭastle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse is playable with the minimum specifications listed below, but it will play more smoothly on faster computers with more RAM. After the opening video, you'll find Mickey outside the Castle of Illusion, where Mizrabel is holding Minnie captive… Press the Return (↩) key.Īfter the opening video, the Main Menu will appear. The game will launch.Īfter the loading screens, the Title screen will appear. The Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse pre-game Options window will appear. In the library, highlight Castle of Illusion in the list of games on the left-hand side of the window, then select Play. Enter your account name and password, then select Login. If you are not already signed in, the Steam Login dialog will appear. By default this is located in the Applications folder on your computer's hard drive. To start playing the game, read the Getting Started section.ĭouble-click on the Steam application icon. Macintosh Specific Extras - Pre-game Options WindowĪs part of the Steam download process, the game has already been installed on your computer.Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Performance Tips.Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse - ReadMe Welcome to Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse It’s so alluring that we spent much of our test goosing the Sierra from stoplights and generally driving the thing pretty hard. Either way, the 6.2-powered Sierra is a seriously quick beast, and the V-8 sounds fantastic at full throttle. We’d attribute part of its split performance to slight differences in shifting strategies between the six- and eight-speed transmissions and chalk up the rest to the extra weight. Weighing just a smidge over 100 pounds heavier than that truck, this 2016 model and its eight-speed gearbox reached the same marks in 5.6 seconds and 14.0 seconds. That loaded 2014 Sierra 1500 Denali 4x4 with the 6.2 and the six-speed automatic-again, almost identical to this truck, save for the gearbox-hit 60 mph in 5.4 seconds and tore through the quarter-mile in 14.1 seconds at 99 mph. The 6.2’s 420 horsepower shove the Sierra around with no problem. (In the Vette, the 8L90’s orientation is mounted in the rear, where it serves as a transaxle.) The connections to General Motors’ sports car don’t end there-as we’ve noted before, the fire-breathing 6.2-liter small-block V-8 is derived from the Corvette’s V-8 engine, although tuned to produce torque lower in the rev range for better towing and hauling performance. The eight-speed is the same 8L90 unit used in the Corvette, albeit with a different casing for its traditional placement directly behind the engine. (The base 4.3-liter V-6 remains the only engine that hasn’t been bolted to the eight-speed, for now.) Otherwise, the Sierra experience is familiar, much the same as that of the 20 iterations. The 2016 model year also marked the first expansion in availability of the eight-speed beyond the 6.2-liter, to SLT and Denali models with the 5.3-liter V-8. GMC administered an industry-standard mid-cycle refresh to the truck for 2016, updating the headlights and grille while adding Apple CarPlay and Android Auto phone-mirroring to its available touchscreen infotainment systems. Since adopting the eight-speed as its sole transmission partner for 2015, the 6.2-liter V-8 hasn’t changed-but the Sierra has, if only just. Our first test of the GMC with the eight-speed comes in a 2016 Sierra 1500 Denali with the available 6.2-liter V-8, which sets up a neat comparison-we tested a nearly identical 2014 Sierra Denali 4x4 with the same engine and the old six-speed automatic two years ago. Introduced to the Sierra in 2015 paired only with the biggest engine available, a 420-hp 6.2-liter V-8, the eight-speed has since become an option on certain Sierras equipped with the 5.3-liter V-8, tracing a path through the Sierra family similar to the same transmission’s injection into the Chevrolet Silverado lineup. showroom's got more than a few other stellar-quality GMC models on proud display, and the ideal way to get a feel for one is with a test drive we're sure you won't forget.The spread of General Motors’ eight-speed automatic transmission through the GMC Sierra 1500 lineup is nearly complete. It's a towering leg up over the competition, and a blast to drive.īut if you're still exploring the world of used trucks here in Phoenix, our 2021 E. Looking for a little advice from the truck experts here at Lifted Trucks? Go for a lifted model if you're planning to get down and dirty over the south-central Arizona terrain. You can even opt for models with an All Terrain Package for a trifecta of presence, power, and pulling chops to top it all off. No matter your predilection, though, GMC Sierra 2500HD is configurable to spec indoors and out. Plus, a wide range of cab options presents, including regular, double, and crew, alongside your choice of a standard or long bed, accommodating everything from the contents of your mobile office to the few weekend warriors you're taking off-grid. That's thanks to a host of powerful gas and torquey, high-efficiency diesel engine options to match a stylish, refined, and most of all, comfortable and quiet Sierra 2500HD interior. What's more, GMC Sierra 2500HD makes for a smooth operator just as far down the open highway as off the trail. Ascending from trims like the Sierra base, through mid-level 2500HD SLE and SLT, all the way to such upscale head-turners as GMC Sierra 2500HD Denali, you'll find trailer-towing and payload-lugging champions to flank those designed to own the off-road. That's where the extensive array of used GMC Sierra 2500HD models here at Phoenix's own Lifted Trucks comes in. But you can't rely on just any used heavy-duty pickup for the long haul. That's not to mention the work to be done in Mesa, lugging equipment offsite to Glendale, picking up a few crewmen in Peoria, and the gamut of the grind everywhere in between. There are orders of the day aplenty out of Scottsdale. The Duty Roster in Phoenix, AZ is No Tall Order for a Pre-Owned GMC Sierra 2500HD This size is recommended by YouTube to ensure that the banner looks good on all devices, including desktop computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. The recommended size for a YouTube banner image is 2560 pixels wide by 1440 pixels tall. The size of a YouTube banner image has not changed in 2023. FAQ for YouTube Channel Banner What size is a 2023 YouTube banner? If you want to use an image from a YouTube channel, it is usually best to contact the channel owner and ask for their permission. It is important to note that it is generally not allowed to download or use the banner image or other images from a YouTube channel without the permission of the channel owner. Step-3 Save the downloaded banner image to your computer. Step-1 Paste the URL of the channel's page into the YouTube Channel Banner Downloader tool. Step-0 Go to the YouTube channel that you want to download the banner image from. To use a YouTube Channel Banner Downloader, you typically need to follow these steps: ![]() ![]() How to use YouTube Channel Banner Downloader Some YouTube Channel Banner Downloaders may also allow you to download other images associated with a YouTube channel, such as the profile picture or thumbnails for videos on the channel. It is usually displayed above the channel name and channel statistics and is used to represent the channel and to help brand the channel. The banner image is the large image at the top of a YouTube channel page. Use Also- Youtube to MP3 Converter What is a YouTube Channel Banner DownloaderĪ YouTube Channel Banner Downloader is a tool that allows you to download the banner image from a YouTube channel. Overall, a YouTube channel banner is an important part of your channel's visual identity and can help you to represent your channel, brand your channel, and attract and engage viewers. By using eye-catching colors, graphics, and images, you can draw people in and encourage them to explore your channel further. To attract and engage viewers: A visually appealing banner image can help to attract and engage viewers on your channel. By using a consistent banner image across all of your channel's pages, you can create a cohesive and professional look that helps to build trust with your audience. To brand your channel: The banner image is a great way to help brand your channel and make it stand out from other channels. It is often the first thing that viewers see when they visit your channel, so it is important to choose a banner image that represents your channel well. To represent your channel: The banner image is an important part of a YouTube channel's visual identity and can be used to communicate the tone, style, and content of the channel. There are several reasons why you might want to use a banner image on your YouTube channel: When you are happy with the banner image, click on the "Publish" button to save your changes. You can use the "Resize" and "Reposition" buttons to adjust the size and position of the image as needed. Under "Banner", click on the "Add banner" button.Ĭlick on the "Choose image" button to select an image from your computer. Sign in to your YouTube account and go to the YouTube Studio. You can customize the banner image for your YouTube channel by following these steps: Therefore, it is important to design the banner with this in mind and to include important elements of the design in the center of the banner where they are less likely to be cropped out. ![]() It is also important to keep in mind that the banner image may be cropped or scaled in different ways on different devices, depending on the layout of the page and the size of the screen. To ensure that your banner looks good on all devices, it is recommended to use high-resolution images and to design the banner with plenty of padding to allow for cropping on different screens. However, it is important to note that the banner may be displayed in different sizes on different devices, depending on the screen size and resolution of the device. The banner image is an important part of a YouTube channel's visual identity and can be used to communicate the tone, style, and content of the channel. A YouTube channel banner is a large image that appears at the top of a YouTube channel page. I'm personally using aįirst edition Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6, but any entry to mid-range Multiplexing part of ASIO4ALL would have any contribution.īut let's assume you already have an audio interface. Hardware ASIO4ALL emulates the ASIO functionality through WASAPI,Īnd since Rocksmith runs by default through WASAPI, only the mixing / Interface that lacks a vendor-supplied ASIO driver. This patch is almost useless with an audio ![]() RS ASIO supplies a special avrt.dll file which replaces Rocksmith's audio RS ASIOīrings the whole setup a step closer to the standard "bedroom guitarist" setup. The way to go past using the RealTone cable is with RS ASIO. ![]() Such settingsĪre specific to each hardware configuration and it's worthwhile to test andĭiscover the optimal combination of parameters that that's both error-free andįeatures minimal buffer sizes (read: "latency, latency, latency"). Win32UltraLowLatencyMode just artifacts non-stop on my machine. I'm getting crackling with fewer than 192 samples in the output buffer. EnableMicrophone = 0 ExclusiveMode = 1 LatencyBuffer = 1 ForceDefaultPlaybackDevice = ForceWDM = 0 ForceDirectXSink = 0 DumpAudioLog = 1 MaxOutputBufferSize = 192 RealToneCableOnly = 1 Win32UltraLowLatencyMode = 0 This is my audio section of Rocksmith.ini for the Rocksmith USB cable: Competent ASIO devices and driversĬan manage playing multiple streams (I'm saying non exclusively here) at lower ASIO has been an industry standard for a bit longer and it'sīetter supported by audio interface vendors. Running in exclusive mode (so no other sound source besides Rocksmith, in thisĬase, allowed). ![]() In theory, WASAPI audio is comparable to ASIO in terms of latency, at least when See this excellent article for some information about the Rocksmith 2014 reads digital audio information from the USB cable through The cable is available even for use by other programs and this is what itĪppears like in the Windows Sound Control Panel - mmsys.cpl: This guide renders the cable obsolete on PC, not on Playstation and Xbox though. This acts as an instrument-to-usb audio adapter, so an analog toĭigital converter not unlike the "input" stages of USB or PCI audio interfaces. Rocksmith USB Guitar Adapter cable, marketing name - "RealTone cable" - to theĬomputer. The expected way to play the game is with a guitar connected directly via the
![]() This article was amended on 24 October 2015 to correct the year Happy Birthday was written in from 1883 to 1893.The publisher says copyright will expire in the US in 2030, though it will enter the public domain in the EU by 31 December 2016. This time we celebrate the special day of our viewers with the Happy Birthday Song. The 1935 copyright claim came from the Summy Company, and ownership of that copyright passed to Warner Chappell in 1988. Gracie presents another fun remix for kids to enjoy. Happy Birthday was written by sisters Parry and Mildred Hill in 1893, adding new lyrics to a song they had already written – though that claim has been disputed – to a song called Good Morning to All. All the 1935 copyright should cover, they say, is any arrangement or alteration made by the publisher, not the song itself. ![]() The motion argues that when music and lyrics are published with the authors’ permission, but without a copyright notice – as happened with the 1927 edition of the songbook, and earlier ones that the film-makers found, dating back to 1922 – then they fall “irrevocably” into the public domain. More importantly, it trumps all of Defendants’ arguments.” This newly discovered evidence is fully consistent with Plaintiffs’ arguments that (i) Patty Hill gave the lyrics to the public when she wrote them as a version of the song she wrote with her sister Mildred Hill and (ii) that the 1935 copyrights covered only specific piano arrangements of the song. Gabriel Helou in 1997, and is archived at a motion filed in district court in California calling for summary judgment in favour of the film-makers, their lawyers say of this iteration of the song: “It and earlier versions of the song that Plaintiffs subsequently located through their own investigative efforts conclusively prove that any copyright that may have existed for the song itself (ie the setting of the Happy Birthday lyrics to the melody of Good Morning) expired decades ago. Become A Better Singer In Only 30 Days, With Easy Video Lessons Happy Birthday to You Happy Birthday to You Happy Birthday, dear Jesus Happy Birthday to You Happy birthday, Jesus Im so glad its Christmas All the tinsel and lights And the presents are nice But the real gift is You Happy birthday, Jesus Im so glad its Christmas All the. After enough people asked for copies, I decided to start posting the collection. Collecting and grouping the verses has become one of my hobbies. Then I began to see other versions on various newsgroups. Why?Īfter several sessions of trying to remember what the lyrics were, I decided to start writing them down. ![]() This threatens to remain one of those unanswerable frequently asked questions. I’ve heard various forms of the tune performed by various organizations (e.g. My first exposure to it was around 1983 or 1984. Your servants steal, your wife's untrueģ1. They stole your sword, your gold, your houseĢ0. Feel free to pick and choose those verses that best suit the group you are with and the person being serenaded. ![]() Those lyrics most common are listed first. The Dirge is known in various circles as “The Barbarian Birthday Song”, “The Viking Birthday Sang,” “The SCA Birthday Dirge,” etc. The sort of groaning grunt that workers lifting heavy loads might find natural. The resounding thud that follows each “Happy Birthday!” is traditionally accompanied by a “HUHN”-like grunt. It’s the depressing sounding Russian folk tune that nearly everyone has heard at one time or another. If you don’t know the tune by name, you know it by sound. Happy birthday, happy birthday, happy birthday to you Everybodys here, youve had an awesome year. “The Birthday Dirge” is sung to the tune of “The Volga Boatmen”. Happy happy birthday to you, to you, to you. Ilya Yefimovich Repin’s painting, Barge Haulers on the Volga (1870-73). ![]() Everyone likes to give good advice, right? So go ahead and give yourself the best advice you’ve got! Observations. Future-you could probably benefit from some advice about when you planted your annuals, which were your favourites and which ones you would have skipped over given another chance. You may have to plant annuals every year, but you don’t have to repeat mistakes or complications in your garden annually. Maybe with hindsight you can even offer some suggestions to future-you about next year’s efforts. If you planted seeds (or even seedlings) in your garden or greenhouse, take a moment and jot down your choices and the results. We’ve organized your Garden Journal into five pages with pertinent information that can make future-you’s life much easier! First we want you to think back to Spring this year, when the rain was finally ending and the cherry blossoms finally appeared. Grab that pen and let’s see if we can make future-you one happy gardener!ĭownload it here: Free Printable Garden Journal Spring Time. What’s that you say? You don’t need to write anything down because you’ll remember all the details by the time next year rolls around? Not to rain on your parade, but do you remember what you had for breakfast three days ago? Us neither. To make this super easy we’ve created a free five page Garden Journal for you to download and print, with questions to jog your memory and keep you organized! Not so fast, gardeners! Before you move forward into fall you need to take a moment, look back at your growing season this year and write a few words about your gardening endeavors for future-you (a little bit older, just as good looking, and much wiser of course). Soon there will be more leaves than grass under our feet, hoodies and cardigans will pop out of our closets, and everything we eat will include pumpkin spice as a main ingredient. ![]() ![]() We made it, fellow West Coast Gardeners, through another summer season and into the autumn! Although we still have another month of warm weather and blooms to look forward to, with some gardens continuing into October (much to the chagrin of our colder cousins in the east) the first of September has arrived. They all have one factor in common they are completely free of charge. Maxon tools include C4D for 3D modeling, simulation and animation, ZBrush and Forger for 3D modeling, Red Giant tools for editing, motion design and. Warning: Be sure to scan all the downloaded files with your Antivirus and if there is an executable or installer file, make sure to have your antivirus active and open in the background while installing or running the app. However, in this article we collect scripts and plugins for different purposes. Besides, there are multiple Cinema 4D plugin categories here we will mention some of them that you can discover in more details: ![]() Later you’ll also set-up a scene by adding lights and creating a. You’ll learn the navigation tools, tips for modeling objects (such as cubes, pyramids, and spheres), and even some technical modeling commands (such as bevel and extrude). This can be very helpful to help you achieve more in a timely manner, and even perform in a more productive way.īefore listing these amazing 15 plugins and scripts, you can know more about Cinema 4D and what is used for. In this tutorial you get a handshake from Cinema 4D and learn workflows throughout the whole pipeline. This is where plugins and scripts will come in handy: as the name suggests, you’ll be able to add them to the core software in order to append additional functionalities. X Particles For Cinema 4D R19 Free Download is hosted at free file sharing service 4shared. What these free Cinema 4D plugins have as advantages beyond being budget friendly?Ĭinema 4D is a very powerful software as it is, but the good thing is that you can extend its potential even further. X Particles For Cinema 4D R19 Free Download - download at 4shared. Click to expand and reveal the contents of each section: Cinema 4D 2024. ![]() Take a seat in the iconic living room of the Simpsons with this Zoom background from Fox Studios. Love this cult TV show? “Seriously David?” Then choose one of the four backgrounds DOWNLOAD Simpsons Zoom Background DOWNLOAD RuPaul’s Drag Race Zoom BackgroundsĪct like a Queen with these backgrounds for all of your “werk from home”. DOWNLOAD Parks and Recreation Zoom BackgroundsĬhannel your inner Leslie Knope with some virtual backgrounds from this hilarious show. DOWNLOAD Modern Family Zoom BackgroundsĮven if your family isn’t as funny as the ones on Modern Family, download a background while you zoom with your own. If you feel more like Bad Janet rather than Good Janet, here are some backgrounds. There’s also HBO backgrounds for HBO TV shows like Succession, Westworld and Sharp Objects. ![]() Reflect that with a Games of Thrones Zoom background from HBO. TV SHOW BACKGROUNDS Game of Thrones Zoom Background Show your love for the animated sequel with some fun backgrounds. DOWNLOAD Trolls World Tour Zoom Backgrounds Here are three Zoom Top Gun backgrounds to choose from. Download from their website but be prepared as it’s all in Japanese. There’s the streets of Spirited Away, the hat shop in Howl’s Moving Castle, the cherry blossom trees in The Tale of Princess Kaguya, and even a whole screen of Ponyos. If you love the Japanese anime movies of Studio Ghibli, download one of their eight backdrops. There are actually 31 backgrounds you can download including the Millennium Falcon, Imperial Star Destroyer Bridge, Cloud City, Coruscan, Rebel Base and Death Star Ruins. Have an upcoming video call? Don’t dial-in from your living room or office - send your transmission from somewhere in a galaxy far, far away). Choose scenes from Finding Nemo, Toy Story, Inside Out and more. DOWNLOAD Pixar Zoom BackgroundsĪdd the magic of Disney and Pixar to your video calls with these fun backgrounds. There’s also Spider-Man, Iron Man and Captain Marvel. DOWNLOAD Marvel Movies Zoom BackgroundsĬhoose some iconic backgrounds from the Marvel movies including the landscape of Wakanda from Black Panther and images from Thor, Doctor Strange and the Avengers. There are scenes from your favourite Disney movies including The Little Mermaid, Tangled, Cinderella, Beauty and the Beast and Moana. MOVIE BACKGROUNDS Disney Princess Zoom BackgroundsĪdd some Disney Princess magic to your next video call with these one-of-a-kind Princess backgrounds. Click on the one you want, and it will appear alongside the other pictures as an option for you to choose from. A box will pop up allowing you to upload a photo from your computer. Click the + icon next to where it says Choose Virtual Background. You’ll see a few default background options provided by Zoom, but you can also upload a photo to use as your background.On the menu to the left, click Virtual Background.When you open the Zoom app, click your profile in the top right corner, and click Settings. ![]()
![]() Victoria's sixth child, Princess Louise, died without issue. Victoria's fifth child, Princess Helena, may or may not have been a carrier two healthy sons survived to adulthood, but one son died in infancy, another was stillborn, and her two daughters did not have issue. Queen Victoria's eldest daughter, Victoria, Princess Royal, apparently escaped the haemophilia gene, as it did not appear in any of her matrilineal descendants. Her mother, Victoria, Duchess of Kent, was not known to have a family history of the disease, although it is possible that she was a carrier, but among her 3 children only Victoria received the mutated copy. The probability of her mother having had a lover with haemophilia is minuscule given the low life expectancy of early 19th-century haemophiliacs. The rate of spontaneous mutation is known to increase with paternal age (and is higher in fathers than in mothers at all ages) Victoria's father was 51 at her birth. Queen Victoria's father, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, was not a haemophiliac, but the mutation may have arisen as a germline mutation within him. Victoria's appears to have been a spontaneous or de novo mutation, most likely inherited from one of her parents, and she is usually considered the source of the disease in modern cases of haemophilia among her descendants. No case of such double inheritance is known among Queen Victoria's descendants.Īlthough an individual's haemophilia can usually be traced in the ancestry, in about 30% of cases there is no family history of the disorder, and the condition is speculated to be the result of spontaneous mutation in an ancestor. ![]() A female will be affected with haemophilia only in the rare circumstance that she inherits mutated X chromosomes from both a haemophiliac father and a carrier or a haemophiliac mother. The daughter of a male haemophiliac will always inherit his mutation, while a son cannot ever inherit it. Each child of a carrier will have a 50% chance of inheriting their mother's mutation, of being a haemophiliac (sons) or carrier (daughters). If their sole X chromosome contains the haemophilia mutation they possess no second copy to provide for normal function, as in carrier females. Males possess only a single X chromosome, inherited from their mother, having received a Y chromosome from their father instead of a second X. Such a female, with normal clotting but possessing a single mutated copy of the gene, is called a carrier. A female who inherits a mutated copy on one X chromosome has also inherited a second X chromosome from the other parent that is likely to carry a non-mutated copy of the gene, capable of directing appropriate clotting. Females have two X chromosomes, and hence redundant copies of the blood clotting factor gene located on them. This is because the trait is recessive, meaning that only one correctly functioning copy of the blood clotting factor gene is necessary for normal clotting. The sex-linked X chromosome bleeding disorder manifests almost exclusively in males, even though the genetic mutation causing the disorder is located on the X chromosome and can be inherited from the mother by male children or from either mother or father by female children. ![]() The presence of haemophilia B within the European royal families was well-known, with the condition once popularly known as "the royal disease". Tests on the remains of the Romanov imperial family show that the specific form of haemophilia passed down by Queen Victoria was probably the relatively rare haemophilia B. Victoria's youngest son, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, also had the disease, though none of her three elder sons did. Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert, of the United Kingdom, through two of their five daughters – Princess Alice and Princess Beatrice – passed the mutation to various royal houses across the continent, including the royal families of Spain, Germany, and Russia. Haemophilia figured prominently in the history of European royalty in the 19th and 20th centuries. Preponderance of a genetic disorder throughout European royalty Queen Victoria's descendants with haemophilia and known female carriers Inheritance by female carriers |
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